@better-auth/oauth-provider may provide access tokens for unauthorized audiences via unbound resource indicators

Am I affected?

Users are affected if all of the following hold:

• Their application depends on @better-auth/oauth-provider on any stable 1.6.x release (the stable line is not patched) or on a pre-release before 1.7.0-beta.4.
• Their application either configures validAudienceswith more than one audience, or it issues JWT access tokens whoseaud`  (resource) claim is consumed by their resource servers.
• Their resource servers make authorization decisions based on that aud or resource value.

A deployment with a single validAudiences entry (or the default, their server's base URL) cannot mint a token for a different audience. The provider rejects any resource outside the allowlist. Such a deployment still does not bind the resource to the authorization grant, so the spec-compliance gap remains even where cross-audience escalation does not apply.

Fix:

1. Upgrade to @better-auth/oauth-provider@1.7.0-beta.4 (then 1.7.0), then run the schema migration (npx auth migrate). This is a breaking change: a token or refresh request may only narrow the authorized resource, an uncovered resource returns invalid_target, and customAccessTokenClaims receives a resources array in place of resource.
2. The 1.6.x stable line is not patched. If an application stays on it, developers should apply the workarounds below.

Summary

@better-auth/oauth-provider lets an OAuth client choose the access-token audience through the RFC 8707 resource parameter at the token endpoint. It does not bind that choice to the authorization grant. A client that completes a normal authorization flow can request a JWT access token whose audience targets a resource server the authorization never covered. The only constraint is that the resource appears in the server's validAudiences allowlist. The same gap applies to the refresh grant: a refresh token issued in a flow targeting one resource can be redeemed for an access token bound to a different allow-listed resource.

Details

The provider accepts resource only at the token endpoint, never at the authorization endpoint. At /oauth2/token it validates each requested resource against the server-wide validAudiences allowlist and writes the result into the JWT aud claim. It does not record the requested resources on the authorization code, and it does not store them on the refresh-token row.

Two consequences follow. For the authorization-code grant, the resource a client states at /oauth2/authorize is discarded, and the resource it sends at /oauth2/token is honored on its own, checked only against the allowlist. For the refresh grant, the audience is re-derived from the refresh request body alone, because no resource from the original grant is retained to constrain it. In both cases the audience becomes a per-request, client-chosen value rather than a property of the authorization.

This diverges from RFC 8707. The specification expects the authorization server to record the resources requested at authorization, then let the token endpoint narrow them but never widen them. A refresh token should stay bound to the resources of the original grant.

Patches

Fixed in @better-auth/oauth-provider@1.7.0-beta.4 (then 1.7.0). The fix records the requested resources at authorization, stores them with the authorization code, enforces subset narrowing at the token endpoint, retains the original resource set across refresh, and exposes aud at introspection. The 1.6.x stable line is not patched.

The fix is a breaking change. It replaces customAccessTokenClaims.resource with a resources array, returns invalid_target for a resource the authorization did not cover, and adds a schema field that requires a migration. After upgrading, run npx auth migrate (or npx auth generate if developers manage the schema themselves).

Workarounds

If developers cannot upgrade their applications:

• Set validAudiences to a single audience, or leave it unset so it defaults to their application's base URL. The provider then rejects any other requested resource, which removes cross-audience selection.
• Configure each resource server to accept a token only when its own identifier is the expected audience, and to reject tokens whose aud is an array that also lists other audiences.
• Do not rely on the resource indicator as an authorization boundary until developers run a release that contains the fix.

Impact

An attacker who can complete an OAuth flow for a registered client can obtain an access token whose audience points at a resource server that the user's authorization never covered. Where resource servers enforce the aud or resource value for authorization, a token granted for one resource becomes usable at another. The reachable data and operations stay limited to the scopes granted to that client, since the provider checks scopes independently of the resource.

Credit

Reported and fixed by @dvanmali.

Resources

• RFC 8707, "Resource Indicators for OAuth 2.0", Section 2.2 "Access Token Request": https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8707#section-2.2
• RFC 9068, "JSON Web Token (JWT) Profile for OAuth 2.0 Access Tokens", Section 2.2 "Data Structure": https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9068#section-2.2
• CWE-863, "Incorrect Authorization": https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/863.html
• CWE-285, "Improper Authorization": https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/285.html